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(http://99-bottles-of-beer.ls-la.net/) A Comparative Overview of C# Also compares C#, Java, C++. By Ben Albahari. (http://genamics.com/developer/csharp_comparative.htm) A Comparison of C++, FORTRAN 90 and Oberon-2 for Scientific Programming The report concludes by a personal assessment of the three languages with respect to the numerical context. By Bernd Mösli. The reader's experience in scientific programming in C or FORTRAN would be advantageous. (http://www.arithmetica.ch/Oberon/CFORTRANOberon.nhtml) ACM "Hello, World" Project List of the famous "Hello, World!" programming teaching program, in hundreds of different languages. (http://www2.latech.edu/~acm/HelloWorld.shtml) Ada versus Modula-3 Compares similarities and differences, by user of both languages. (http://archive.dstc.edu.au/AU/staff/crawley/ada/m3-vs-ada.ht) Ada, C, C++, and Java vs. The Steelman Compares 4 programming languages (Ada95, C, C++, Java) with the requirements of "Steelman", original 1978 requirements document for Ada language. Big detailed table. (http://www.adahome.com/History/Steelman/steeltab.htm) Ada95, Java, and C++ Some people think Java is like C++, but usual C++ idioms do not carry over to Java because Java is not a C++ superset or subset; Java is a derivation with many modifications, extensions. The language's syntax is alike, but semantics and philosophy is very different. Java is closer to Ada95 than to C++, syntax notwithstanding. (http://www.adahome.com/Resources/Languages/chart3.html) Advanced Programming Language Design Book compares over 70 languages, and main classes: imperative, functional, object-oriented, dataflow, concurrent, declarative, aggregate. By Raphael Finkel, Addison-Wesley. (http://www.awprofessional.com/catalog/product.asp?product_id) An Analysis of Two Next-Generation Languages: Java and Python Paper by Roger E. Masse outlines how Java and Python qualify as next-generation Internet programming languages. Has good introductory material on Python. (http://knowbot.cnri.reston.va.us/papers/java-python96/) An Empirical Comparison of C, C++, Java, Perl, Python, Rexx, and Tcl By Lutz Prechelt. Neutral, quantitative analysis of 7 languages in title, for 7 variables, via 80 implementations of the same requirement set. PDF format. [IEEE Computer] (http://www.ipd.uka.de/~prechelt/Biblio/jccpprt_computer2000.) Are scripting languages the wave of the future? Programming guru, Robert Martin, on languages of the coming decade. (http://www.itworld.com/AppDev/1262/itw-0314-rcmappdevint/) Beyond Java? Compares Java and Dylan, with examples from building two CORBA IDL compilers. Topics include: multiple inheritance, multi-argument dispatch, unified object model, extensible syntax. Several code examples. (http://www.functionalobjects.com/resources/beyond-java.phtml) C# From a Java Developer's Perspective Comprehensive article by Dare Obasanjo, details most similarities and differences between the two languages: features Java has that C# doesn't, and features C# has that Java doesn't. Text, tables, code, resources. (http://www.25hoursaday.com/CsharpVsJava.html) C++??: A Critique of C++ (3rd ed.) A critical view on the C++ and C programming language. [Postscript] (http://mis.ucd.ie/courses/misp617/mms406/CPPCV3.ps) CLOS, Eiffel, and Sather: A Comparison Comprehensive, many references; zipped Postscript, inlined gifs. (http://www.icsi.berkeley.edu/~sather/Publications/tr-91-047.) Comparing Development Costs of C and Ada Article by Stephen F. Zeigler. Analysis of a case where most variables were controlled enough to make a comparison between development costs (time, error rates, code size, ...) of the 2 languages. (http://www.adaic.com/whyada/ada-vs-c/cada_art.html) Comparisons of Tcl with Other Systems From ICEM CFD Engineering: Many comparisons between Tcl/Tk and other similar systems, most copied from comp.lang.tcl. (http://www.icemcfd.com/tcl/comparison.html) Contrast Ruby and Other Languages Ruby vs Perl, Python, Tcl, Java, Eiffel, C++. Very short. (http://www.math.sci.hokudai.ac.jp/%7Egotoken/ruby/compar.sht) D vs Other Languages Yes-No table with definitions compares D, C, C++, C#, Java, on: GC, functions, arrays, OOP, performance, reliability, compatibility, conditional compiling. [Digital Mars] (http://www.digitalmars.com/d/comparison.html) Developer's Dilemma: Perl or PHP? By Joe "Zonker" Brockmeier. How to choose between two languages that are both very popular for Web development? Text, forum comments. [NewsFactor] (http://www.newsfactor.com/perl/story/19912.html) Dylan Competitive Analysis Compares Dylan, Smalltalk, Objective-C, C/C++. Long document. (http://www.nt.ntnu.no/users/haugwarb/Programming_languages/d) Examples of Programs in Different Programming Languages Compares 129 (or 157?) languages, via 418 code samples, and growing. (http://www.ntecs.de/old-hp/uu9r/lang/html/lang.en.html) Fortran90 vs. Ada95 Compares Ada95 to Fortran90 via code samples, text. Well reasoned and written, many examples. Finds Ada equal or better than Fortran in all aspects but one marginal trait. (http://fedelma.astro.univie.ac.at/web/fortran90_ada95.html) Gnat and Linux: C++ and Java Under Fire Compares Ada, Java, C, C++, Delphi. Text, tables. Gnat and Linux orientation. [Linux Gazette] (http://www.linuxgazette.com/issue33/burtch.html) Guidelines for Choosing a Computer Language: Support for the Visionary Organizations Multipage study compares: 4GL/5GL, 3GL (Ada 95, C, C++, COBOL, FORTRAN, Java, Smalltalk), 2GL (Assembly). Divides language (definition) from traits of products that implement and support it. Several sections, tables, appendixes. (http://archive.adaic.com/docs/reports/lawlis/content.htm) HEL vs. WebL A comparison of two languages specialized for retrieving and parsing HTML pages. (http://cheops.cis.upenn.edu/~sahuguet/WAPI/HELvsWebL.html) How Does Ruby Compare With Python? By John Dell'Aquila. Text description, no code samples, Ruby Garden FAQ entry from comp.lang.python post. (http://www.rubygarden.org/iowa/faqtotum/abQVRnqSeWIdM/b/1.11) Inferno/Limbo vs. JavaOS/Java A small overview of the differences between Inferno/Limbo and JavaOS/Java. (http://www.cs.hut.fi/~kny/inferno/compare.html) Informal Language Comparison Chart(s) Links, and table comparing Ruby, Objective-C, Smalltalk-80 (old), SmallScript (Smalltalk-98 dialect), JavaScript 2.0 (ECMA Script), C#, C++, Java, Python, CLOS. (http://www.smallscript.org/Language%20Comparison%20Chart.asp) Intelligent Systems Table compares traits of DreamMaker, C/C++, Java/C#, Visual Basic, Assembly. (http://isdreamaker.com/dm_compare.htm) Io Comparisons Compares a few variables (size, speed, syntax) in many languages: Brain, C, Cel, F-Script, Forth (gForth, pForth), Icon, Java (Kaffe), Lisp (CLisp, Guile, LispMe, Scheme48), Lua, Perl, Pike, Python, Ruby, Self, Smalltalk (GNU, Squeak, SuperCollider), Tcl. (http://www.iolanguage.com/comparisons/) Is .NET's 'C' Sharper Than C++ or Java? By Joe "Zonker" Brockmeier. Text compares a few aspects of C#, Java, C++. [NewsFactor] (http://www.newsfactor.com/perl/story/20584.html) Is Ada a Better C? Compares Ada, C, C++, language facilities under DOS. Copy of article in EXE magazine, May 1997, originally titled "Ada better than C++?" Text and code samples. (http://www.beesknees.freeserve.co.uk/articles/ada-vs-cpp.htm) Is Turing a Better Language for Teaching Programming than Pascal? Compares Turing to Pascal, long text document, no tables or graphs; by Jacqueline L. Martin, 1996, many references. (http://www.holtsoft.com/turing/essay.html) Java and C++ Resource Management Comparison Detailed discussion of the techniques used in Java and C++ to implement leak free and exception safe resource management. Covers memory management, finalizers, destructors and finally blocks with examples. (http://www.fatalmind.com/paper/java_vs_cplusplus/resource.pd) Java and Smalltalk Syntax Compared Table and notes compare some elements of syntax of Java 1.1 to Smalltalk-80. (http://www.chimu.com/publications/JavaSmalltalkSyntax.html) Java Benchmark By Rene Grothmann. Compares sieve algorithm in Java and C/C++. Text, tables, live comparison applet. (http://mathsrv.ku-eichstaett.de/MGF/homes/grothmann/java/ben) Java versus C++ This document compares the languages Java and C++. HTML, PS and PDF formats. (http://www.dur.ac.uk/barry.cornelius/Java/java.versus.c++/) Java vs. C# Code for code comparison. All features on both languages are compared. (http://www.javacamp.org/javavscsharp/index.html) Java vs. JavaScript Similarities and Differences. From First Step Communications. (http://www.firststep.com.au/education/solid_ground/javadiff.) Java vs. JavaScript History and features of each language (http://www.itc.utk.edu/itc/clearinghouse/java/jvsjs.html) Just Say No to Microsoft: Programming Languages Describes dozens of mostly living languages, grouped by family similarities. Most are alternatives to Microsoft. (http://microsoft.toddverbeek.com/lang.html) Lambda the Ultimate Programming Languages Weblog with news and discussion. (http://lambda.weblogs.com/) Linea Engineering, Inc.: Getting The Biggest Bang For Your Buck Compares VisualGen, Smalltalk, C++/Java, ANSI COBOL 85. (http://www.lineaengineering.com/Resources/Productivity_/prod) Objective-C: Comparisons With Other Languages Compares Objective-C, SmallTalk-80, C++, Eiffel. (http://www.slip.net/~dekorte/Objective-C/Documentation/2_Com) Object-Oriented Languages in the Industry: A Comparison Table-based comparison of 4 major OO languages: Eiffel, C++, Java, Smalltalk. Criteria chosen to suggest where Eiffel is better. (http://archive.eiffel.com/doc/manuals/technology/oo_comparis) Object-Oriented Technologies Includes a brief comparison of C++ and Java. By DPC Technology Corporation. (http://www.dpc-tech.com/dpc_ootech.html) Perl versus ... Tom Christiansen compares Perl to other languages, and some of the others to yet others. (http://www.perl.com/language/versus/) PL Prelim Notes Lists and compares about 20 languages. (http://www.cs.colorado.edu/~humphrie/pl/) PLEAC: Programming Language Examples Alike Cookbook Suite of common programming problems solved in Ada, C++, Erlang, Guile, Haskell, Java, Masd, merd, NASM, Objective Caml, Perl, Pliant, Python, Ruby, Tcl. (http://pleac.sourceforge.net/) Programmers: Otters with Rocks? Discusses historical move from low level languages to higher level interpreted ones, productivity, future developments. Active feedback response. [ZDNet News] (http://zdnet.com.com/2100-11-529641.html) Programming Information from HB Text descriptions compare C/C++, Java, Pascal, Basic, VeraStream; Oracle; HTML, XML; JavaScript, PHP. (http://www.cybercomm.nl/~broers/programming.html) Programming Language Comparison Table compares popular object-oriented languages: Eiffel, Smalltalk, Ruby, Java, C++, Python, Perl, Visual Basic. (http://www.jvoegele.com/software/langcomp.html) Programming Language Critiques Annotated links to critiques (Older version, by original author) (http://www.ai.mit.edu/people/pdp8/critiques/critiques.html) Programming Language Critiques: Pascal, C, C++, and C-Linda By Jim Basney. May 1995. (http://www.lernnetz-sh.de/kmlinux/doc/Pascal-Kurs/critique.h) Programming Languages mini-HOWTO Brief comparison of major Linux programming languages C, C++, Fortran, Java, Lisp, Perl, PHP, Python, Tcl; by Risto S. Varanka. (http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/mini/Programming-Languages.html) Programming Languages Table By Capers Jones, Chairman, Software Productivity Research, Inc. Huge table of function point evaluation values (how many code lines needed for a task) compares 500 languages, dialects, and/or implementations. (http://www.theadvisors.com/langcomparison.htm) Python Compared to Other Languages Many links to comparisons involving Python. (http://www.python.org/doc/Comparisons.html) Qtime Collection, FTP Download, Gzipped Display time as English sentence, coded in: AWK, C, ICI, Icon, JavaScript, Lite/mSQL, PHP3, Pike, Python, REBOL, Rexx, Ruby, SLang, Spanner. Tested on only Linux (all) and AmigaOS (C and Rexx versions). (ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/linux/devel/lang/misc/) Quantifying the Debate: Ada vs. C++ Tables and text compare Ada83, Ada95, C, C++; mainly costs, reliability. By Donald J. Reifer. [CrossTalk] (http://www.stsc.hill.af.mil/crosstalk/1996/07/quantify.asp) Reasons for TOM TOM attempts to address flaws in these languages: C++, Cecil, Common Lisp, Eiffel, Java, Objective-C, Smalltalk. (http://gerbil.org/tom/doc/why.shtml) Recursive Benchmark in 14 Languages Paper comparing the feasibility and efficiency of implementations of recursive algorithms in 14 different languages. (http://www.webcom.com/nazgul/change.html) Review of Existing Languages From TUNES Review Subproject, large page of sharp, insightful commentary on many languages, hundreds of links. [Open Content] (http://cliki.tunes.org/Programming%20Languages) Ruby Versus Nine Object-Oriented Languages Compares Ruby, Objective-C, Smalltalk-80, C++, Java, Python, CLOS, Perl5, PHP, Dylan. (http://www.approximity.com/ruby/Comparison_rb_st_m_java.html) Sun's Comparison of Language Features Table graphic, uses good-fair-poor metric, compares Java, Smalltalk, Tcl, Perl, Shells, C, C++. (http://www.npac.syr.edu/users/gcf/cps616java96/foilsepimaged) Survey of Programming Languages Associated with the Web General feature comparisons, explanations. (http://www.frostburg.edu/dept/cosc/htracy/cosc120/MODULES120) Survey of scripting language implementation options A comparison of scripting language approaches in various categories. Pros and cons are given for each feature variation. (http://www.geocities.com/tablizer/langopts.htm) Syntax Across Languages Operator names and syntax elements in various programming languages. (http://merd.net/pixel/language-study/syntax-across-languages) Tcl Advocacy Table, text, links compare Tcl, Perl, Python, JavaScript, Visual Basic. (http://www.tcl.tk/advocacy/) Ted Shieh's Programming Language Comparison A comparison of the features of and demand for some of the major programming languages. (http://www.liquidmarkets.com/?name=lc&id=3) The BNF Web Club Language Browse, explore some programming language's syntactic rules. See relations between rules, understand them using BNF (Backus-Naur Form notation) and syntactic diagrams: SQL, PL/SQL, SQL2, IDL; Ada95, Java, Modula-2; Lazy, LISP, M5. (http://cui.unige.ch/db-research/Enseignement/analyseinfo/ind) The Great Computer Language Shootout A collection of banchmarks performed on 24 different languages. Includes a tool to grade languages depending on how well they did on tests that matter for you. (http://www.bagley.org/~doug/shootout/) The Quine Page Collection of self-reproducing programs: each outputs a copy of its own source code; about 60 languages. (http://www.nyx.net/~gthompso/quine.htm) The ROT13 Page ROT13 implemented in many programming languages. (http://www.miranda.org/~jkominek/rot13/) The Zen of Python By Tim Peters. (http://www.awaretek.com/zen.html) Timing Trials, or, the Trials of Timing: Experiments with Scripting and User-Interface Languages By Brian Kernighan, Christopher Van Wyk. Compares how fast C, Awk, Perl, Tcl, Java, Visual Basic, Limbo, Scheme, run a range of representative tasks. Text, tables, graphs, code samples. (http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/bwk/interps/pap.html) TIOBE Programming Community Index Monthly updated index that gives an indication of the popularity of programming languages. (http://www.tiobe.com/tpci.htm) University of Michigan's Language Guide Each entry includes history, description, code examples, and references. (http://www.engin.umd.umich.edu/CIS/course.des/cis400/) VB or not VB Visual Basic critiques in comparison with Delphi. (http://www.geocities.com/antivisualbasic/) Water Comparisons Two medium length documents compare object-oriented languages: Water with ConciseXML syntax, to JSP (JavaServer Pages) and Java; 1 brief list compares Water to PHP. (http://www.waterlang.org/Comparisons.html) What I Hate About Your Programming Language Text treats general aspects of language choices, then compares hatred of Perl, Python, Ruby, PHP, Java, C, C++, JavaScript, XSLT, SQL. With many forum comments. [ONLamp.com] (http://www.onlamp.com/pub/a/onlamp/2003/05/12/languagephilos) What's Wrong with Perl Author explains what he considers wrong about Perl, presents Python as an alternative. Descriptions, code samples, links. (http://www.garshol.priv.no/download/text/perl.html) Why Pascal is Not My Favorite Programming Language Brian Kernighan's comparison of Pascal and C (http://www.lysator.liu.se/c/bwk-on-pascal.html) Why Tcl is Better than Perl Says Tcl is simpler, more maintainable, has superior GUI interface; Perl is hard to maintain and embed, thread unsafe, complex to learn. No code samples, tables, graphs. (http://www.tcl.tk/advocacy/perl.html) Willcam's Language Feature Simple Comparison Table compares Java, Perl, Smalltalk, C++, C, Tcl, Shells (average). (http://www.willcam.com/perl_vs_java.html)